Millions of spectators tuned in Friday to watch the opening ceremony of the delayed 2020 Tokyo Olympics. But will the behind-the-scenes happenings keep viewers coming back for the next two weeks even more than the feats of athletic prowess?
Students in one 51吃瓜黑料 virtual classroom are poised to find out.
Their assignment? Watch the Olympics with those questions in mind: How do topics like race, gender, class, politics, sustainability, and mental health intersect with the games and play out on the world stage?
鈥淲e鈥檙e going to see all of those elements take place in the Tokyo Olympics,鈥 said Kendra Gage, an assistant professor in the Department of Interdisciplinary, Gender, and Ethnic studies who leads the 鈥淭opics in Sports History: The History of the Modern Olympics鈥 course.
鈥淭he Olympics is an area we can study to see changes that have occurred and still need to occur in our society and the larger global society as well.鈥
Students in Gage鈥檚 class, which has been offered several times at 51吃瓜黑料 over the past 10 years, will produce individual podcasts that compare and contrast Olympic history with the present day.
鈥淚 love sports but I especially love the Olympics,鈥 Gage said. 鈥淭here is just so much history that can be unpacked.鈥
We checked in with Gage to get the scoop on some of the readings and conversations she expects to stoke discussion among her students, as well as the media and viewing public.
First some background: When, where, and why were the modern Olympics created?
It all started in the 19th century with one man: Pierre de Coubertin. After traveling abroad to the U.K. and America, he was frustrated with the academic and physical educational systems in his home country of France. In short, he was part of high society and thought many of the French were 鈥 in today鈥檚 terms 鈥 lazy and needed to do better at expressing cultural values to the world.
His idea? Recreate the ancient Greek Olympics as a vehicle to bring nations together and as a platform for people to showcase health and cultural progress, highlight fair and equal opportunity, and to display cultural expression.
Coubertin created the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894, and 鈥 in a nod to the ancient Greek Olympics 鈥 the first games were held in Athens in 1896.
The event was an immediate success, and the second games were held in Paris. Interestingly, the third games in 1904 encountered a bit of a hiccup. The event was held in St. Louis 鈥 a small city at the time that was hard for international spectators to reach by boat then train 鈥 and was therefore attended by a mostly U.S. contingent. However, it was held alongside the St. Louis World鈥檚 Fair, another international expo that also featured games, so most of the public鈥檚 focus was on that rather than the Olympics. In fact, some participants were surprised to receive Olympic medals because they thought they were competing in the World鈥檚 Fair games.
How long did it take for the event to encounter complications outside the games themselves?
Rather than winning, early on the emphasis was on participation and bringing together nations in a neutral environment that wasn鈥檛 meant to be political. But politics are inherently a part of sports 鈥 especially when you build them on a platform to express nationalism and against a backdrop of World Wars and the Cold War, where nations are trying to prove they鈥檙e a superpower.
The only times the modern Olympics have been canceled was in 1916, 1940, and 1944 both because wars meant the event wasn鈥檛 a safe place and the IOC didn鈥檛 want politics involved. However, politics came into play very loudly from the start and continue to be entrenched today.
In regards to gender, the Olympics grappled with gender issues from the first games. No female competitors were allowed, as Coubertin felt women鈥檚 only roles should be as spectators and to put crowns upon winners' heads.
For the second games in Paris, 22 women participated in high society sports like archery and lawn tennis. In 1904, a few women were allowed to compete in basketball and boxing. They were exhibition sports, rather than an official part of the games, but those were the first barriers to be broken. Today we see more female athletes because the IOC has been committed to gender balance.
What are a few of the most memorable examples of outside issues dominating the games?
I like to use the 1936 Olympics as an example because it was held in Berlin. Hitler was in power and there was a large call in the U.S. to boycott the games. Organizers balked at the controversy, calling the event a site of neutrality 鈥 devoid of politics. American Olympic Committee president Avery Brundage traveled from the U.S. to Germany for a tour, where he was assured that all competitors would be treated equally and that the German team would allow Jewish athletes. He came back and convinced the U.S. to participate. Even Black newspapers like the Chicago Defender called on Black Americans to show their place in the world. Today, we know that the games were leveraged as a platform for Hitler to show his dominance in the world, and it's the first time we see politics play out in an overt way on the Olympic stage.
Relatedly, Brundage eventually became known as 鈥淪lavery Avery鈥 because of his own history of sexism, racism, and anti-Semitism. That partially includes the 1968 Olympics when two Black track stars 鈥 Gold medalist Tommie Smith and Bronze medalist John Carlos 鈥 were kicked off the U.S. team after raising fists, now known as the Black Power Salute, on the award podium while the national anthem played. Brundage, who was then president of the International Olympic Committee, was instrumental in getting Carlos and Smith kicked out of the Olympic Village.
The impact of the Cold War is another big one. There was an 鈥渦s vs. them鈥 tension between the United States and the Soviet Union, which exploded in a fixation on the medal count as a means of showing superiority. This was evident in the 1980 鈥淢iracle on Ice鈥 hockey match, where the U.S. defeat of the Soviets was seen as a shift in the balance of power in the Cold War.
What non-athletic issues have made the biggest headlines so far this year? Are there others you anticipate popping up this round or in the future?
- Black Lives Matter. The IOC鈥檚 Rule 50 came under scrutiny against the backdrop of the Black Lives Matter movement. Rule 50 states that no demonstrations of a political, religious or racial 鈥減ropaganda鈥 nature is permitted on an Olympics site 鈥 definitely not during the medal, opening, or closing ceremonies. This includes taking a knee and raising a fist on the medal podium. It鈥檚 under scrutiny because both forms of protest are mild and non-violent. As a result, the rule was revisited and 鈥 even though athletes can鈥檛 even wear BLM shirts into the arena at all 鈥 it was modified to say that they can wear apparel with certain approved words: Peace, respect, solidarity, inclusion and equality. This all coincided with a change to the Olympics slogan: 鈥淔aster, higher, stronger.鈥 鈥淭ogether鈥 was added to the end to stress unity during difficult times.
- Gender equity. The IOC announced on March 8, 2020 that they wanted to see more gender balance among athletes. Today, 49% of Olympic athletes are women because countries are now required to send both men and women. Historically, it鈥檚 been a serious issue with nations not adequately financing women鈥檚 sports at the collegiate and professional levels. But this is the third time in a row that the U.S. team for the Summer Olympics is predominantly women: 329 of the 621 athletes are women. In fact, five teams have more women than men 鈥 including Great Britain, Canada, and China. There were celebrations during the 1976 Montreal Olympics that 20% of the athletes were women, so 鈥 especially given the trajectory from female competitors being completely banned from the first games nearly 125 years ago 鈥 today鈥檚 stats are remarkable.
- Mental health. A Las Vegas Aces player, Liz Cambage, was supposed to play for Australia鈥檚 basketball team but backed out due to stress and to protect her mental health, as she believed the environment wasn鈥檛 safe for her and she wanted to protect herself. Coupled with recent headlines about tennis player Naomi Osaka stepping back from a competition to preserve her mental health, I think we鈥檒l see the topic discussed throughout the games.
- Drug testing. The situation highlights the IOC鈥檚 outdated lists of performance enhancing drugs (PED) and issues with blanket bans on substances. The best runner we鈥檝e seen in a long time was eliminated, and that breaks my heart for her. Marijuana is not considered to be a PED in track and has been legalized by many states in the U.S. so to have it listed as a PED is highly problematic 鈥 especially in the U.S., where drug laws target minorities more than any group.
- Trans athletes. The IOC is dancing around the role of trans athletes in the games and doesn鈥檛 want to deal with it. But we鈥檙e going to see the first trans athlete at the Olympics: Laurel Hubbard, a weightlifter from New Zealand who鈥檚 been approved to participate.
- Sustainability. Tokyo originally budgeted $7.3 billion for the games and it was last reported that they鈥檇 spent $30 billion 鈥 more than four times initial projections. And that鈥檚 not the final number because we know other costs will emerge. Put that on top of spectators being banned due to COVID-19 concerns, so they won鈥檛 benefit from tourism dollars. How is that city and country going to recoup its money? That鈥檒l become a larger question for the Olympics as they move forward. What鈥檚 more, Japan-based Toyota recently announced that they won鈥檛 run any Olympic-centered ads during the Olympics due to concerns and backlash from local citizens about the event being held during a pandemic. So, how are other advertisers going to spin this? The country is losing ad dollars that all host cities rely on to make the Olympics work.
- COVID-19. I anticipate more demonstrations by locals because only 31% of Japan鈥檚 population is vaccinated. For that reason, recent polls have shown that 70% of the Japanese public didn鈥檛 want the games to occur. Making matters worse, COVID cases have popped up in the Olympic Village among vaccinated athletes.
- Social justice. There have been calls to boycott the 2022 Beijing Olympics because the Chinese government has been accused of genocide against the Uyghurs, a Turkic ethnic group who are mainly Muslims, and the continued oppression of Tibet. Many proponents of the boycott see Olympic participation as an endorsement of the Chinese government鈥檚 actions.
What about the idea of amateurism, its intersections with social class and socioeconomics, and the impact on athlete participation?
Initially, Olympic athletes were supposed to be amateurs 鈥 they collected no pay for participation in any sort of sports. That evolved over time because the Olympics became much more commercialized. To do that, you have to use pro athletes and, to fund training, you need brand endorsements from companies.
Pierre de Coubertin was a member of the aristocracy, so he wanted the games to focus on 鈥済entlemen's sports鈥 鈥 and they don鈥檛 take pay for play. That changed when the Soviet Union started to participate. They took young kids to Moscow for vigorous training. At first, people around the world were opposed and saw it as manipulation and oppression. But the Soviet Union did so well that others began to replicate their model.
The U.S. started club sports, where kids as young as 3 or 4 would participate. And it came to a head with U.S. participation in basketball when NBA players became involved in the Olympic games. So, the idea of amateurism is completely out the window.
Now we see people who are generally paid decently to play at this elite level. And that鈥檚 another interesting facet: Some athletes rely on their Olympic performance to get brand endorsements afterward and therefore continue to train and make a living.
An extreme example was Jim Thorpe, a Native American athlete whose 1912 Olympic medals and records were stripped because the IOC discovered he was paid $25 per week to play semi-professional baseball prior to competing. In that era, it was common for athletes to play professionally before Olympic competitions but use pseudonyms to avoid detection. Thorpe didn鈥檛 change his name and therefore came under fire. His medals were posthumously returned to his family and there are calls for his records to be restored as the rightful sole champion. Thorpe has been called one of the greatest Olympians of all time.
The Olympics are always in the news for things other than the games themselves. Will that impact its future?
Yes, absolutely.
For example, not all of this year鈥檚 games are being held in Tokyo. The locations are spread throughout the country. In the future, we might see a main host city with other cities involved to alleviate both the costs and environmental impact of the Olympics.
With that said, we need future host cities to consider ways to make the Olympics more eco-friendly. I just watched a program on the Las Vegas water shortage. Would hosting the games here further strain our resources? It has nothing to do with the games themselves, but must be addressed on the global stage. So far, Tokyo has been called the most eco-friendly of the games, but I'm curious to see final reports. The 2028 games will be in Los Angeles and will likely impact Las Vegas directly, so our leaders should start anticipating that.
Also, gender equality needs to be addressed. We still see global wage gaps between men and women, and the Olympics is another platform to discuss that. The IOC itself has very few women within its organization, so the organization should address that as well.
Last, I鈥檇 say that I鈥檓 always a big fan of watching which new sports they add each time. The five newest are skateboarding, karate, surfing, sport climbing, and a re-introduction of baseball and softball. Several of them show a mesh, with the X Games meeting the Olympics, which is an interesting transformation. It shows how sports are evolving, what鈥檚 popular, and what鈥檚 not.
